Biology · Form and function

B2.2 — Organelles and compartmentalization

Biology · SL / HL · syllabus-mapped notes

1. B2.2.1

   Organelles as discrete subunits of cells that are adapted to perform specific functions

   State which structures are organelles and which are not, and why.

2. B2.2.2

   Advantage of the separation of the nucleus and cytoplasm into separate compartments

   Explain how separating the nucleus allows mRNA to be modified before it meets ribosomes.

3. B2.2.3

   Advantages of compartmentalization in the cytoplasm of cells

   Explain how compartmentalization concentrates enzymes and separates incompatible processes.

4. B2.2.4

   Adaptations of the mitochondrion for production of ATP by aerobic cell respiration

   Explain three mitochondrial adaptations: double membrane, cristae, and the enzyme-filled matrix.

5. B2.2.5

   Adaptations of the chloroplast for photosynthesis

   Explain three chloroplast adaptations: thylakoid area, small thylakoid volume, and the stroma.

6. B2.2.6

   Functional benefits of the double membrane of the nucleus

   Explain why the nucleus needs a double membrane: large pores, and breaking into vesicles during division.

7. B2.2.7

   Structure and function of free ribosomes and of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

   Contrast free ribosomes (proteins kept in the cell) with rough ER ribosomes (proteins for export).

8. B2.2.8

   Structure and function of the Golgi apparatus

   Explain the Golgi apparatus in processing and secreting protein.

9. B2.2.9

   Structure and function of vesicles in cells

   Explain vesicle structure and function, including the role of clathrin in forming them.