Biology · Interaction and interdependence
C1.2 — Cell respiration
Biology · SL / HL · syllabus-mapped notes
C1.2.1
ATP as the molecule that distributes energy within cells
Explain why ATP's properties suit it to distributing energy within cells.
C1.2.2
Life processes within cells that ATP supplies with energy
Give the three kinds of cell activity that ATP supplies with energy.
C1.2.3
Energy transfers during interconversions between ATP and ADP
Explain the energy transfers between ATP and ADP, and where the energy to rebuild ATP comes from.
C1.2.4
Cell respiration as a system for producing ATP within the cell using energy released from carbon compounds
Explain cell respiration as ATP production from oxidizing carbon compounds, and its link to gas exchange.
C1.2.5
Differences between anaerobic and aerobic cell respiration in humans
Contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans, and explain the oxygen debt.
C1.2.6
Variables affecting the rate of cell respiration
Measure respiration rate with a respirometer, controlling temperature and pressure.
C1.2.7
Role of NAD as a carrier of hydrogen and oxidation by removal of hydrogen during cell respiration
Explain oxidation and reduction, and NAD's role as a hydrogen carrier.
C1.2.8
Conversion of glucose to pyruvate by stepwise reactions in glycolysis with a net yield of ATP and reduced NAD
Explain the four stages of glycolysis and its net yield per glucose.
C1.2.9
Conversion of pyruvate to lactate as a means of regenerating NAD in anaerobic cell respiration
Explain how converting pyruvate to lactate regenerates NAD.
C1.2.10
Anaerobic cell respiration in yeast and its use in brewing and baking
Explain ethanol fermentation in yeast and its use in brewing and baking.
C1.2.11
Oxidation and decarboxylation of pyruvate as a link reaction in aerobic cell respiration
Explain the link reaction, and why pyruvate must first enter the mitochondrion.
C1.2.12
Oxidation and decarboxylation of acetyl groups in the Krebs cycle with a yield of ATP and reduced NAD
Explain the Krebs cycle and state the net effects of one turn.
C1.2.13
Transfer of energy by reduced NAD to the electron transport chain in the mitochondrion
Explain how reduced NAD delivers energy to the electron transport chain.
C1.2.14
Generation of a proton gradient by flow of electrons along the electron transport chain
Explain how electron flow pumps protons to generate a gradient.
C1.2.15
Chemiosmosis and the synthesis of ATP in the mitochondrion
Explain chemiosmosis and how ATP synthase uses rotation to make ATP.
C1.2.16
Role of oxygen as terminal electron acceptor in aerobic cell respiration
Explain oxygen as terminal electron acceptor, and why everything stops without it.
C1.2.17
Differences between lipids and carbohydrates as respiratory substrates
Contrast lipids and carbohydrates as respiratory substrates.