Environmental Systems and Societies · Case studies
ECS.14 — Amsterdam and the circular economy
Environmental Systems and Societies · SL / HL · syllabus-mapped notes
Overview
The first city to adopt "doughnut economics" as policy, paired with a plan to halve its use of new raw materials by 2030.
Systems and sustainability angle
Closing material loops and staying between a social floor and an ecological ceiling: waste reframed as a resource kept in the system.
Management and response
Concrete targets and value-chain projects, weighed against the risk of an aspirational model and an offshored footprint.
HL lens angle
The circular economy and the doughnut as applied ecological economics, and a fix for the linear economy's market failure.